Reporting on court hearings requires an understanding of local laws and knowing what can be reported and what can‘t.

This module was written for a journalism training course in south-east Europe which was dealing with the basics of newspaper reporting. Those attending had no previous journalism experience or training.

Reporting court proceedings

Some journalists choose to specialise in court reporting and become experts in the field. Others learn about it through their basic journalism training courses and by covering smaller court hearings.

All need to understand the rules, constraints, the law, what can and cannot be reported, and how to deal with the public after the court hearing is over.

1. Constraints: Courts of law are a controlled environment. Court reporters must operate within these controls.
2. Authority: The judge is in charge of the court and what happens inside it. The judge has to keep order and usually has the power to imprison those who show contempt of court. That could include you.
3. Local laws: Most countries have their own sets of laws covering court reporting. You must know them inside-out. Journalists need to act within the law or they may end up in the dock themselves.
4. Facts: The most interesting elements in any trial are usually the verdict and the sentence. These will normally provide the lead to your story (assuming the trial has finished).
5. Judgement: In most countries there is a presumption of “innocence until proven guilty”. This should be borne in mind while a trial is in progress and reflected in your copy.
6. Accuracy: Ensure you get EVERYTHING right. Check names, spellings, titles and responsibilities. Fair and accurate journalism is the basic requirement.
7. Notes: In courts, as in all other reporting, you should make notes carefully and keep them safely. They may be needed later if your report is disputed.
8. Fairness: The arguments used by the prosecuting and defence lawyers should be reported in an even-handed way, regardless of the evidence and what is said in court.
9. Drama: Dramatic performances by the judge, lawyers, or witnesses make excellent copy. Make sure that you capture all elements.
10. Performance: Trials often hinge on a clever piece of detective work, or advocacy. Ensure you spot these and highlight them in your reporting.
11. Discipline: It is not particularly skilful to report everything that has been said. It is much more skilful to use only the most interesting and significant parts of a trial.
12. Background: Big stories need big coverage. Before the trial, discover as much background as you can, and have it ready for publication after the verdict.

What next?

The trial may be over but the story continues. Some of the most important elements of your story may be the interviews afterwards with witnesses, family, police etc. Make sure you leave the court in time to get the interviews.

Questions

1. What are the main elements that journalists must understand when reporting on court proceedings?
2. Why is it important for court reporters to have a thorough understanding of local laws?
3. How does the role of the judge influence the environment and proceedings within a courtroom?
4. What is the significance of the presumption of “innocence until proven guilty” in court reporting?
5. Describe the importance of accuracy in court reporting and the potential consequences of inaccuracies.
6. How should court reporters handle the arguments presented by prosecuting and defence lawyers to ensure fairness?
7. In what ways can dramatic performances in court enhance a journalist’s report?
8. Why is it important for court reporters to exercise discipline in their reporting, and how can they achieve this?
9. How can background research contribute to the quality of a court report, especially for big stories?
10. What steps should a journalist take after a trial concludes to ensure comprehensive coverage of the story?

Answers

1. Journalists must understand the rules, constraints, local laws, and how to interact with the public after court hearings.
2. Understanding local laws is crucial to ensure that journalists report within legal boundaries and avoid legal repercussions.
3. The judge maintains order in the courtroom and has the authority to enforce rules, including imprisoning those who show contempt of court.
4. The presumption of “innocence until proven guilty” ensures that reporting remains unbiased and does not prematurely judge the accused.
5. Accuracy is vital to maintain credibility and avoid legal issues; inaccuracies can lead to disputes and damage a journalist’s reputation.
6. Reporters should present both sides’ arguments evenly, regardless of personal opinions or the evidence presented.
7. Dramatic performances can make reports more engaging and highlight important moments in the trial.
8. Discipline involves selecting the most significant parts of a trial to report, rather than everything said, to maintain focus and clarity.
9. Background research provides context and depth, helping readers understand the significance of the trial and its outcomes.
10. After a trial, journalists should conduct interviews with witnesses, family, and police to gather additional perspectives and details.

The post Court reporting for beginners first appeared on Media Helping Media.

Journalists reporting about crime must balance the public’s right to know with ethical considerations, ensuring accuracy, fairness, and sensitivity while avoiding sensationalism or prejudice.

This training module was written for a journalism training course in Serbia where those attending had no previous journalism experience or training.

Why do we report crime?

People want to read about crime. It sells newspapers, TV advertising and books. It’s about greed, violence, sex, revenge – all the really powerful human emotions.

Sometimes crime reflects important issues in society: corruption, drugs, homelessness, hunger, lack of education, or whatever. And sometimes it is just a good story, with no wider implications.

Either way, you need to cover it properly. Your audience expects it. So here are some things to be aware of regarding crime reporting.

Basic skills

In crime reporting as in all other specialisms, you must first have acquired the basic skills of journalism.

Your copy must be accurate. It must be spelled correctly. You must have facts to support every sentence you write. Your copy must be clear and unambiguous. It must capture the interest of the audience.

Integrity

Your personal and professional behaviour must be above reproach. You must be honest, thorough, trustworthy and fair-minded. You must be considerate and compassionate. Do not abuse the power or responsibility of your position.

Accept criticism where it is justified. Correct your mistakes. Be punctual. Deliver your work on time and be a good colleague.

Facts

This is a requirement of all journalism, but perhaps especially so of crime. The American newspaperman Joseph Pulitzer (the Pulitzer Prize is named after him) was very keen on crime reporting. He always wanted his reporters to provide “details, details, details”.

Readers want to know everything about a crime. What kind of masks were the raiders wearing? What colour was the getaway car? What was the weather like? The more facts, the better the story. So work hard, keep digging, keep adding facts.

Patch

The good crime reporter does not sit around waiting for the next bank raid to happen.

To work effectively, you must have excellent contacts with all the relevant agencies, police, government bodies, courts, press officers etc.

Cultivate these people. Make sure they have your contact numbers. You need a close working relationship, so that when a big story happens, they ring you to tell you about it, rather than you having to chase them for information.

Criminals

Being a crime reporter involves getting to know criminals. This has obvious dangers, to your work and to your safety. It is vital that you are completely straight in your dealings with people on the wrong side of the law.

Always be open about the fact that you are a reporter. Carry identification. Keep notes. Tell your news editor where you are going and whom you are going to meet. Don’t take silly risks. It is generally OK to be friendly with criminals, but not to become their friends. Do not build up any obligations to your criminal contacts. This is inviting them to try to corrupt you.

Sources

• On the record: It is good practice to identify, in your report, your sources of information. Explain their credentials, so that your audience can make a decision about how much weight to attach to the information.

• Off the record: Often the best information comes from sources who wish to remain anonymous. You must be clear with such sources about how the information is to be used and you must be careful to protect their anonymity. That means, in the ultimate case, being willing to go to jail yourself, rather than disclose the source’s identity.

Security

Information you keep on your computer, personal organiser, mobile or any other electronic device is “discoverable” by the authorities, thieves or hackers.  If you keep confidential information in electronic form make sure it is encrypted.

Integrity

This should go without saying, but just in case:

• Do not accept gifts or favours.
• Do not at any time take part in or condone criminal activity.
• Do not provoke criminal activity.
• Do not describe criminal activity in such a way that it encourages others to engage in crime.
• Do not celebrate crime.
• Do not glamorise criminals or turn them into celebrities.

Tone

There is a proven link between the way the news media reports crime, and the public fear of crime. Crime is bad enough. Reporters who make it appear worse than it actually is are doing society a disservice. Do not exaggerate the worst aspects of a crime. Report what has happened rationally and factually.

Victims

The victims are obviously key people in any story. You need to gain access to them, deal with them respectfully and sensitively, collect their version of events and report them carefully. Remember that these people have been under great stress. Don’t add to it by dealing carelessly with them. But remember, too, that crime against a person is an outrage and the victims are entitled to their anger and distress.

Suspects

The presumption is that a suspect is innocent until proven guilty. It is not the job of the news media to prosecute or defend, to deliver verdicts or pass down sentences. Leave that to the courts.

News blackouts

Sometimes police will come to journalists with the request that they keep a story out of the news. Usually it is because it might compromise a continuing surveillance operation, or put someone’s life in danger. Occasionally, the motives behind the request are less admirable.

It is not for the individual reporter to decide whether to co-operate in these cases. Always refer it to the editor of your publication.

Taste and decency

Some crimes are so appalling that it is difficult to report them without breaching the bounds of good taste. Handle such material with care and sensitivity to the local culture and the sensibilities of the community. Remember the victims and their families.

Trend or one-off?

This is an important question to keep in mind. Is the individual crime you are currently reporting part of something wider going on in society? Does it raise a general question about public safety? Are hold-ups increasing because drug-taking is on the rise? If knife-crime is increasing among the young, what is the reason behind it? If a certain make of car is repeatedly being stolen, is there some organised smuggling racket behind it?

Work out whether there is some context to the crime and if there is, include it in your report. But if it is simply a one-off crime, report it as such.

Questions

1. What are the primary ethical considerations journalists must balance when reporting on crime?
2. Why is crime reporting considered appealing to the public, according to the text?
3. What basic skills are essential for effective crime reporting?
4. How does the text define integrity in the context of crime reporting?
5. Why is it important for crime reporters to have good contacts with relevant agencies?
6. What precautions should crime reporters take when interacting with criminals?
7. How should journalists handle information from anonymous sources?
8. What is the relationship between crime reporting and public fear, as discussed in the text?
9. How should journalists approach reporting on victims of crime?
10. What factors should journalists consider when determining if a crime is part of a larger trend?

Answers

1. Journalists must balance the public’s right to know with ethical considerations, ensuring accuracy, fairness, and sensitivity while avoiding sensationalism or prejudice.
2. Crime reporting is appealing because it involves powerful human emotions like greed, violence, sex, and revenge, and sometimes reflects important societal issues.
3. Essential skills include accuracy, correct spelling, factual support for every sentence, clarity, and the ability to capture audience interest.
4. Integrity involves being honest, thorough, trustworthy, fair-minded, considerate, and compassionate, while avoiding abuse of power or responsibility.
5. Good contacts ensure that reporters receive timely information about big stories without having to chase it, allowing them to work effectively.
6. Reporters should be open about their identity, carry identification, keep notes, inform their editor of their whereabouts, and avoid risky situations.
7. Journalists should clarify how the information will be used, protect the source’s anonymity, and be willing to face consequences to maintain confidentiality.
8. There is a proven link between how crime is reported and public fear; exaggerating crime can do a disservice to society.
9. Journalists should gain access respectfully, deal sensitively, collect victims’ versions of events, and report carefully, considering their stress and emotions.
10. Journalists should consider if the crime is part of a wider societal issue, raises public safety questions, or is simply a one-off incident.

The post Crime reporting for beginners first appeared on Media Helping Media.